Pelvic inflammatory disease hospitalizations in Brazil: time trend from 2000 to 2019 / Internações por doença inflamatória pélvica no Brasil: tendência temporal de 2000 a 2019

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the temporal trend of hospitalizations for pelvic infammatory disease in Brazil and its regions between 2000 and 2019. Methods: longitudinal ecological study with data from the Hospital Information System. The analysis of temporal trends in hospitalization rates by age group was performed using segmented linear regression (joinpoint regression). Both annual percent change total and by age groups were estimated for Brazil and each region. Results: Brazil had an average reduction of 5.2% per year in the period and the age groups most affected were 20 to 29 and 30 to 39 years. North region had the highest rates and South and Southeast regions, the lowest. Midwest region had the largest annual average reduction (8.1%), followed by the Northeast (5.7%), Southeast (5.0%), North (4.6%) and South (4.3 %). The only age group that showed a significant increase was that of 10 to 19 years in the Southeast in the period from 2008 to 2019 (0.9%) and in the Northeast in the period from 2014 to 2019 (3.3%). Conclusions: hospitalization due to pelvic infammatory disease has significantly decreased in Brazil. The increase observed for adolescents in the Southeast and Northeast in the most recent period points to problems in the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections in this age group.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a tendência temporal de internações por doença infamatória pélvica no Brasil e regiões entre 2000 e 2019. Métodos: estudo ecológico longitudinal com dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares. A análise das tendências temporais das taxas de internação hospitalar por faixas etárias foi feita por regressão linear segmentada (joinpoint regression). Foram estimadas variações percentuais anuais gerais e por faixas etárias para o Brasil e cada região. Resultados: o Brasil teve uma redução média de 5,2% ao ano no período e as faixas etárias mais afetadas foram 20 a 29 e 30 a 39 anos. A região Norte apresentou as maiores taxas e as regiões Sul e Sudeste as menores. A região Centro-Oeste teve a maior redução média anual (8,1%), seguida das regiões Nordeste (5,7%), Sudeste (5,0%), Norte (4,6%) e Sul (4,3%). A única faixa etária que apresentou um aumento significativo foi a de 10 a 19 anos nas regiões Sudeste no período de 2008 a 2019 (0,9%) e no Nordeste no período de 2014 a 2019 (3,3%). Conclusões: a internação hospitalar por doença infamatória pélvica reduziu no Brasil de forma importante. O aumento verificado para adolescentes no Sudeste e Nordeste no período mais recente aponta para problemas na prevenção e controle das infecções sexualmente transmissíveis nesta faixa etária.

Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: doença inflamatória pélvica / Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: pelvic inflammatory disease / Protocolo Brasileño para Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual 2020: enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica

O tema doença inflamatória pélvica está contemplado no Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil em 2020. A doença inflamatória pélvica é a infecção aguda do trato genital superior feminino decorrente da ascensão canalicular de microrganismos cervicovaginais endógenos e, principalmente, os de transmissão sexual. Entre os agentes etiológicos envolvidos, destacam-se Chlamydia trachomatis e Neisseria gonorrhoeae. As sequelas mais importantes são dor pélvica crônica, infertilidade e gravidez ectópica. O diagnóstico clínico apresenta-se como a abordagem prática mais importante. O tratamento com antibióticos deve ser iniciado imediatamente diante da suspeição clínica. Descrevem-se orientações para gestores e profissionais de saúde sobre testes diagnósticos, tratamento preconizado, seguimento, aconselhamento, notificação, manejo de parcerias sexuais e de populações especiais. Com a maior disponibilidade da técnica de biologia molecular no Brasil, recomenda-se o rastreio de C. trachomatis e N. gonorrhoeae como estratégia preventiva da doença.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is a topic included in the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. Pelvic inflammatory disease is an acute infection of the upper female genital tract due to canalicular spread of endogenous cervicovaginal microorganisms, in particular sexually transmitted organisms. Standing out among the etiological agents involved are Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The most important sequels are chronic pelvic pain, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Clinical diagnosis is the most important practical approach. Antibiotic treatment should start immediately upon clinical suspicion. The article contains guidance for health service managers and health professionals on diagnostic tests, treatment, follow-up, counseling, notification, handling of sexual partnerships and special populations. In view of increased availability of the molecular biology technique in Brazil, C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae screening is recommended as a disease prevention strategy.

El tema de la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica está incluido en el Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para la Atención Integral para Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, publicado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil en 2020. La enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica es una infección aguda del tracto genital superior femenino resultante del ascenso canalicular de microorganismos cervicovaginales endógenos y, principalmente, los de transmisión sexual. Entre los agentes etiológicos involucrados, se destacan Chlamydia trachomatis y Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Las secuelas más importantes son: dolor pélvico crónico, infertilidad y embarazo ectópico. El diagnóstico clínico es el enfoque práctico más importante. El tratamiento con antibiótico debe iniciarse inmediatamente ante la sospecha clínica. Se describen pautas para gestores y profesionales de la salud sobre pruebas de diagnóstico, tratamiento, seguimiento, asesoramiento, notificación, manejo de parejas sexuales y poblaciones especiales. Con la mayor disponibilidad de la técnica de biología molecular, se recomienda el cribado de C. trachomatis y N. gonorrhoeae como estrategia preventiva para la enfermedad.

Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: doença inflamatória pélvica / Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: pelvic inflammatory disease / Protocolo Brasileño para Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual 2020: enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica

Resumo O tema doença inflamatória pélvica está contemplado no Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil em 2020. A doença inflamatória pélvica é a infecção aguda do trato genital superior feminino decorrente da ascensão canalicular de microrganismos cervicovaginais endógenos e, principalmente, os de transmissão sexual. Entre os agentes etiológicos envolvidos, destacam-se Chlamydia trachomatis e Neisseria gonorrhoeae. As sequelas mais importantes são dor pélvica crônica, infertilidade e gravidez ectópica. O diagnóstico clínico apresenta-se como a abordagem prática mais importante. O tratamento com antibióticos deve ser iniciado imediatamente diante da suspeição clínica. Descrevem-se orientações para gestores e profissionais de saúde sobre testes diagnósticos, tratamento preconizado, seguimento, aconselhamento, notificação, manejo de parcerias sexuais e de populações especiais. Com a maior disponibilidade da técnica de biologia molecular no Brasil, recomenda-se o rastreio de C. trachomatis e N. gonorrhoeae como estratégia preventiva da doença.

Abstract Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is a topic included in the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. Pelvic inflammatory disease is an acute infection of the upper female genital tract due to canalicular spread of endogenous cervicovaginal microorganisms, in particular sexually transmitted organisms. Standing out among the etiological agents involved are Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The most important sequels are chronic pelvic pain, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Clinical diagnosis is the most important practical approach. Antibiotic treatment should start immediately upon clinical suspicion. The article contains guidance for health service managers and health professionals on diagnostic tests, treatment, follow-up, counseling, notification, handling of sexual partnerships and special populations. In view of increased availability of the molecular biology technique in Brazil, C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae screening is recommended as a disease prevention strategy.

Resumen El tema de la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica está incluido en el Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para la Atención Integral para Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, publicado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil en 2020. La enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica es una infección aguda del tracto genital superior femenino resultante del ascenso canalicular de microorganismos cervicovaginales endógenos y, principalmente, los de transmisión sexual. Entre los agentes etiológicos involucrados, se destacan Chlamydia trachomatis y Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Las secuelas más importantes son: dolor pélvico crónico, infertilidad y embarazo ectópico. El diagnóstico clínico es el enfoque práctico más importante. El tratamiento con antibiótico debe iniciarse inmediatamente ante la sospecha clínica. Se describen pautas para gestores y profesionales de la salud sobre pruebas de diagnóstico, tratamiento, seguimiento, asesoramiento, notificación, manejo de parejas sexuales y poblaciones especiales. Con la mayor disponibilidad de la técnica de biología molecular, se recomienda el cribado de C. trachomatis y N. gonorrhoeae como estrategia preventiva para la enfermedad.

Micoplasma hominis y Ureaplasma spp en mujeres que consultan por infertilidad / Mycoplasma Hominis and Ureaplasma Spp. in women attending to infertility consultations

RESUMEN Introducción: Las infecciones por micoplasmas y ureaplasmas pueden producir fallos en la reproducción y vincularse con problemas de infertilidad femenina. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de infecciones por Micoplasma hominis y Ureaplasma spp en mujeres que consultan por infertilidad e identificar si existe asociación entre las infecciones detectadas y los antecedentes de infecciones de transmisión sexual y enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, procederes ginecológicos y síntomas de infecciones. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, para evaluar muestras de exudados endocervicales de 175 mujeres, con edades entre 20 y 45 años, provenientes de la consulta de infertilidad del Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología, entre junio de 2016 y enero de 2017. Para la detección de micoplasmas urogenitales se utilizó el juego de reactivos Myco Well D-One. Se tuvieron en cuenta los aspectos éticos y se utilizó la prueba Chi Cuadrado para evaluar la significación estadística de las posibles asociaciones. Resultados: De las 175 muestras evaluadas, 102 (58,1 por ciento) mostraron la presencia de infecciones, de ellas 65 correspondieron a Ureaplasma spp (37,1 por ciento), 11 a Micoplasma hominis (6,2 por ciento), y 26 a asociaciones de Micoplasma hominis y Ureaplasma spp (14,8 por ciento). Se identificó asociación entre las infecciones detectadas y la presencia de antecedentes de infecciones de transmisión sexual y enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, no así con relación a los procederes ginecológicos y síntomas de infecciones. Conclusiones: La frecuencia total de infecciones fue relativamente alta y la especie más frecuente el Ureaplasma spp. Las infecciones detectadas estuvieron asociadas a algunos de los factores estudiados(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Infections caused by Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas may result in faults in the reproduction process and can be linked to female infertility. Objective: To determine the frequency of infection by Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma spp. in women who attend to infertility consultations and if these are associated with a history of sexually transmitted infections and pelvic inflammatory disease, gynaecological procedures and symptoms of infections. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate samples of endocervical swabs of 175 women between the ages of 20 to 45 years, from the Infertility consultation of the National Institute of Endocrinology, during June 2016 to January 2017. For the detection of urogenital mycoplasmas it was used the reagents kit Myco Well D-One. There were taken into account the ethical aspects and it was used the chi-square test to assess the statistical significance of the possible associations. Results: Of the 175 evaluated samples, 102 (58.1 percent) showed the presence of infections, 65 of them corresponded to Ureaplasma spp (37.1 percent), 11 to Mycoplasma hominis (6.2 percent), and 26 associations of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma spp (14.8 percent). It was identified association between the detected infections and the presence of a history of sexually transmitted infections and pelvic inflammatory disease, but not with the gynaecological procedures and the symptoms of infections. Conclusions: The total frequency of infection was relatively high and the most prevalent specie was the Ureaplasma spp. The detected infections were associated with some of the factors studied(AU)

Caracterización clínico-epidemiológica de parejas infértiles / Clinical-Epidemiological characterization of infertile couples

Introducción: Aproximadamente, el 15 por ciento de todos los matrimonios no tienen hijos. Según estudios realizados en Cuba, la prevalencia de infertilidad oscila entre 12 y 14 por ciento, destacándose dentro de sus causas los factores pélvicos que afectan las trompas o el endometrio con 30-50 por ciento, seguido de la disfunción ovulatoria con el 10 a 25 por ciento y solo 10 por ciento son de causa desconocida. Objetivo: Caracterizar a las parejas infértiles según variables clínico epidemiológicas seleccionadas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal a 224 parejas infértiles, en la provincia Santiago de Cuba. Cuba, en el periodo 2015-2016. Resultados: El 40,3 por ciento de las parejas estudiados presentaron infecciones de transmisión sexual de diferentes etiologías y el 45,6 por ciento se diagnosticaron con infertilidad secundaria. Conclusiones: La edad de la mujer por encima de los 35 años, los antecedentes patológicos personales, la ingestión de medicamentos, la presencia previa de infección de trasmisión sexual así como el antecedente de varios episodios de enfermedad pélvica inflamatoria, están relacionadas con la etiología infecciosa de la infertilidad y pudieran constituir las principales causas de este trastorno en nuestro país(AU)

Introduction: Approximately 15 percent of all marriages do not have any children. According to studies carried out in Cuba, the prevalence of infertility ranges from 12 to 14 percent, among whose highlighted causes are pelvic factors that affect the tubes or the endometrium, accounting for 30-50 percent, followed by ovulatory dysfunction, accounting for 10-25 percent, while only 10 percent are of unknown cause. Objective: To characterize infertile couples based in the selected clinical-epidemiological variables. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out with 224 infertile couples in Santiago de Cuba Province, Cuba, in the period from 2015 to 2016. Results: 40.3 percent of the studied couples had sexually transmitted infections of different etiologies, while 45.6 percent were diagnosed with secondary infertility. Conclusions: The age of the woman over 35 years, personal pathological antecedents, ingestion of medications, the previous presence of sexually transmitted infections, as well as the history of several episodes of pelvic inflammatory disease, are related to the infectious etiology of infertility and could be the main causes of this disorder in our country(AU)

A study of the reproductive health status and its related factors among women living in the post tsunami intermediate shelters of Andaman islands, India.

Objectives: 1. To assess knowledge and practices of selected reproductive health factors among women liv-ing in the post tsunami intermediate shelters of Andaman Islands. 2. To estimate the prevalence of reproduc-tive morbidity and their associated factors among these women. Material and methods: Descriptive cross sectional study of 166 women in the reproductive age group (15 - 49 years) living in the post tsunami inter-mediate shelters at Hurt bay, Port Blair, Andaman islands. Results and Conclusions: The knowledge of women regarding specific aspects of reproductive health and morbidity was found to be deficient. Several wrong practices about menstrual hygiene were prevalent. Various food and social taboos during menstrua-tion were found and treatment seeking behaviour for various reproductive illnesses was also lacking. The prevalence of reproductive morbidity, particularly Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) was found to be 56% - 58%, with several factors such as high-risk behaviour and contraceptive type contributing to the same. Un-reported morbidities such as polyps, cervical erosion, and uterine prolapse were detected during clinical examination. It is necessary to take care of reproductive health in post disaster situations in order to prevent related chronic reproductive morbidity in women.

Intervención educativa para la reducción de la morbilidad por enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica en adolescentes / Educational intervention to reduce morbidity from pelvic inflammatory disease in adolescents

Introducción: La enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica es considerada en la actualidad como un problema de salud pública mundial sobre todo por la alta incidencia que tiene en la población juvenil. Objetivo: evaluar los resultados de la intervención educativa dirigida a las adolescentes con síntomas sugestivos de enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica hospitalizadas en el Servicio de Ginecología. Método: se realizó un estudio de intervención pre-experimental con una muestra intencional de las adolescentes que fueron ingresadas en el Hospital Universitario Gineco-Obstétrico Mariana Grajales...

Doença inflamatória pélvica: atualização / Inflammatory pelvic disease: updating

A doença inflamatória pélvica (DIP) consiste em espectro de infecções do trato genital superior que inclui: endometrite, salpingite, abscesso tubo-ovariano e/ou peritonite pélvica. Constitui-se em infecção polimicrobiana do trato genital superior feminino devido à sua contaminação pelos microrganismos do endocérvice e da vagina. São fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de DIP: idade entre 15-24 anos, vida sexual ativa, múltiplos parceiros, inserção de dispositivo intra-uterino (DIU) há menos de 20 dias e história pregressa de DIP. Procedimentos e cirurgias pélvicos com manipulação de canal cervical podem predispor à infecção por alterarem a barreira cervical protetora. A DIP é um dos processos infecciosos mais frequentes nas mulheres em idade reprodutiva e é entidade de difícil diagnóstico devido às manifestações clínicas diversas. O diagnóstico é muito provável diante de dor à palpação cervical, uterina e/ou de anexos, acompanhados de febre, corrimento vaginal mucopurulento ou leucorreia, sangramento intermenstrual e pós-coito, dispareunia, disúria e polaciúria. O tratamento da DIP deve prover antibioticoterapia empírica de amplo espectro para os patógenos mais prováveis: N. gonorrhoeae e C. trachomatis, pois o rastreamento negativo para esses organismos não exclui infecção do trato reprodutivo superior. A precocidade das medidas terapêuticas é importante na prevenção de sequelas de longo prazo e a opção por tratamento ambulatorial ou hospitalar deve ser baseada no julgamento médico. Parceiros sexuais de mulheres com DIP devem ser examinados e tratados caso tenham tido relação sexual com a paciente nos 60 dias anteriores ao aparecimento dos sintomas. O rastreamento e tratamento da infecção por clamídia em mulheres sexualmente ativas diminui o risco de elas contraírem DIP. Grávidas com suspeita de DIP devem ser internadas para receber tratamento parenteral. Não foram estabelecidas diferenças nas manifestações clínicas da DIP em mulheres soropositivas e negativas para o HIV. Ambos os grupos respondem igualmente bem aos tratamentos parenteral e oral. (AU)

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) consists in a spectrum of upper genital tract infections including: endometritis, salpingitis, tube-ovarian abscess and / or pelvic peritonitis. It constitutes polymicrobial infection of upper female genital tract because of its contamination by microrganisms from the vagina and endocervix. Risk factors for the development of PID are: aged 15-24 years, sexual activity, multiple partners, insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD) for less than 20 days and a history of PID. Procedures and pelvic surgery with manipulation of the cervical canal may predispose to infection by altering the cervical protective barrier. PID is one of the most common infectious processes in women in reproductive age and it is an entity of difficult diagnosis due to the diverse clinical manifestations. The diagnosis is most likely on painful palpation of the cervix, uterus or attachments, accompanied by fever, depurulent vaginal discharge or leukorrhea, intermenstrual and postcoital bleeding, dyspareunia, dysuria and pollakiuria. The treatment of PID should provide broad-spectrum empiric antibiotic therapy for the most likely pathogens: N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis, because negative screening for these organisms does not exclude infection of the upper reproductive tract. The early therapeutic measures are important in preventing long-term sequelae and the option for outpatient or hospital treatment should be based on medical judgment. Sexual partners of women with PID should be examined and treated if they had sexual relations with the patient 60 days prior to the onset of symptoms. Screening and treatment of chlamydial infection in sexually active women decreases the risk of them contracting PID. Pregnant women with suspected PID should be hospitalized to receive parenteral treatment. No differences were found in clinical manifestations of PID in women seropositive and negative for HIV. Both groups respond equally well to parenteral and oral treatments. (AU)

Knowledge and attitudes about intrauterine devices among women's health care providers in El Salvador / Conocimientos y actitudes de los prestadores de atención de salud de la mujer en El Salvador acerca de los dispositivos intrauterinos

In order to gain an understanding of Salvadoran health care providers' clinical knowledge, attitudes, and practice toward the intrauterine device (IUD), Ministry of Health providers completed a self-administered, anonymous survey. Surveys were completed by 135 participants. The majority (94.7 percent and 97.0 percent) agreed the IUD is a safe and effective form of contraception. Only 46.6 percent of participants had ever received training in IUD placement, and 32.0 percent of them had ever inserted more than 10 IUDs. The majority of providers (54.2 percent) believed that the IUD was associated with a higher rate of infection than is described in the literature. Lack of formal training and knowledge about persistent infection rates associated with IUDs may contribute to low IUD placement by Salvadoran providers. Health care providers surveyed are open to learning more about the IUD and sharing the information with their patients.

A fin de evaluar el conocimiento, las actitudes y las prácticas clínicas de los prestadores de atención de salud salvadoreños en torno al dispositivo intrauterino (DIU), se solicitó a un grupo de prestadores del Ministerio de Salud que respondiera un cuestionario anónimo autoadministrado. Se recibieron 135 respuestas. La mayoría manifestó que el DIU es un método anticonceptivo seguro (94,7 por ciento) y eficaz (97,0 por ciento). Solo 46,6 por ciento de los participantes habían recibido algún tipo de capacitación acerca de la colocación del DIU y 32,0 por ciento habían colocado más de 10 dispositivos. La mayoría de los prestadores (54,2 por ciento) consideraron que el DIU está asociado a una incidencia de infecciones más alta que la descrita en la bibliografía. La escasa frecuencia con que los prestadores salvadoreños colocan el DIU probablemente sea atribuible, en cierta medida, a la falta de capacitación formal y de conocimiento acerca de los índices de infección persistente asociados a los DIU. Los prestadores de servicios de salud encuestados refirieron estar dispuestos a instruirse más acerca del DIU y a transmitir la información a sus pacientes.

Doença inflamatória pélvica / Pelvic inflammatory disease

Doença inflamatória pélvica é causada pela infecção polimicrobiana do trato genital superior.Os agentes patogênicos são sexualmente transmissíveis (clamídia, gonococo e micoplasmas) e endógenos (aeróbios, anaeróbios e facultativos).O envolvimento de germes sexualmente transmissíveis preceitua o rastreamento das demais doenças sexualmente transmissíveis em todas as pacientes e seus parceiros.A prevalência da forma subclínica aumenta o risco de falta de diagnóstico e subestimação.Vaginose bacteriana e instrumentação uterina aumentam o risco.Canal cervical com corrimento branco, amarelado ou sangramento induzido indicam infecção por clamídia, gonococo ou micoplasmas.O tratamento deve ser instituído quando estão presentes dores à palpação do baixo ventre ou anexial e à mobilização do colo uterino.O tratamento precoce se justifica porque a infecção experimental mostra que as lesões tubárias não revertem com antibióticos administrados 12 dias depois da inoculação de clamídia.

Risk factors in early pregnancy complications

To determine the underlying risk factors in early pregnancy complications and outcome. Case series. This study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit-IV, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, from July 2007 to June 2008. All the women with first trimester pregnancy with different complications were included in this study while those women with uneventful first trimester were excluded. The inducted women were registered on pre-designed proforma. Studied Variables including demographic details, gestational period, type of complications, risk factors, treatment and outcome. The data was expressed in terms of mean and percentages with a confidence interval of 95%. Analysis was done on SPSS version 14. Out of a 204 total admissions, 115 [56.37%] patients had different early pregnancy complications. Their mean age was 29.4+6.8 years. Commonest complications found were abortion in 88 [76.52%] cases. The underlying risk factors found in abortion were antiphospholipid syndrome in 5 [5.68%] cases, Diabetes mellitus in 8 [9.09%] cases, hypertension in 16 [18.18%] cases, and polycystic ovarian syndrome and infection in 11 [12.5%] cases each. Most of the cases 69 [60%] were treated by minor surgical procedures, and 22 [19.13%] cases responded with conservative medical therapy. Outcome were anaemia in 92 [79.3%] cases, psychological upset in 72 [62.1%], infection in 55 [44%] cases and coagulopathy in 9 [7.8%] cases. Abortion was found as the most frequent early pregnancy complication and the most frequent underlying risk factor was hypertension. Outcome included anaemia, psychological upset and infection

Importancia de algunos medios auxiliares de diagnóstico en la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica aguda / Importance of some diagnostic aids in the acute pelvic inflammatory disease

INTRODUCCIÓN. Hoy día la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica aguda se considera un síndrome clínicamente atribuido al paso ascendente de microorganismos desde la vagina al cérvix, hasta el endometrio y las trompas de Falopio, y que es capaz de diseminarse a las estructuras vecinas. Fueron objetivos de esta publicación conocer el comportamiento de la enfermedad, la eficiencia de algunos medios y procedimientos diagnósticos y el comportamiento de las pruebas hematológicas e identificar los gérmenes más frecuentes para definir la conducta posterior. MÉTODOS. El universo estuvo conformado por 108 mujeres atendidas en el Hospital «Julio Trigo López¼ a causa de una enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica aguda. Se seleccionó la muestra aleatoriamente y se registraron en una encuesta variables como datos generales y de salud y de la historia ginecoobstétrica. Para el diagnóstico clínico se realizó tacto vaginal, con anestesia o sin ella, punción del saco de Douglas, ultrasonido, laparoscopia, hemograma, leucograma y eritrosedimentación. En todos los casos se utilizó la laparoscopia como prueba comprobatoria. RESULTADOS. La mayoría de las pacientes tenían edades entre los 20 y 25 años. El dolor abdominal (98,1 por ciento) y la leucorrea (30,6 por ciento) predominaron como sintomatología clínica. Se encontró una alta incidencia de esta enfermedad en mujeres en edad reproductiva, con dos o más embarazos y abortos y el antecedente de dispositivo intrauterino implantado. Además, hubo concordancia diagnóstica entre los resultados aportados por el tacto vaginal y el ultrasonido, al compararlos con la laparoscopia. La prueba menos específica fue el tacto vaginal (20,5 por ciento) y los valores predictivos de la prueba positiva más baja también lo aportó el mismo proceder (64,6 por ciento), así como la eritrosedimentación (70 por ciento). Por tanto, después de la laparoscopia, el medio más efectivo fue el ultrasonido (87,5 por ciento). CONCLUSIONES. Se concluyó que la prueba más eficiente en comparación con la laparoscopia es el ultrasonido (77 por ciento), al cual siguió el tacto vaginal (70 por ciento)(AU)

INTRODUCTION. At present, the acute pelvic inflammatory disease is considered a syndrome clinically attributed to the ascending passage of microorganisms from the vagina to the cervix, the endometrium and the Fallopian's tubes. It is also capable of disseminating to the neighbouring structures. The objective of this paper was to know the behaviour of the disease, the efficiency of some diagnostic aids and procedures, the performance of the haematological tests, and to identify the most common germs to define the further conduct. METHODS. The study group consisted of 108 females seen at "Julio Trigo López" Hospital due to an acute inflammatory pelvic disease. The sample was selected at random and variables such as general and health data and data from the gynecoobstetric history were registered. Vaginal manipulation, with anaesthesia or without it, puncture of Douglas' pouch, ultrasound, laparoscopy, red-blood cell count, white-blood cell count, and erythrosedimentation were used to make the diagnosis. Laparoscopy was used in all cases as a confirmatory test. RESULTS. Most of the patients were aged 20-25. Abdominal pain (98.1 percent) and leucorrhoea (30.6 percent) predominated as clinical symptomatology. A high incidence of this disease was observed in females at reproductive age, with 2 or more pregnancies and abortions and history of implanted intrauterine device. Moreover, there was a diagnostic concordance between the results of the vaginal manipulation and ultrasound, on comparing them with laparoscopy. The least specific test was vaginal manipulation (20.5 percent) and the predictive values of the lowest positive test were obtained with the same procedure (64.6 percent), as well as with erythrosedimentation (70 percent). Therefore, ultrasound proved to be the most effective diagnostic aid (87,5 percent) after laparoscopy. CONCLUSIONS. It was concluded that ultrasound (77 percent) is the most effective test compared with laparoscopy, followed by vaginal manipulation (70 percent)(AU)

Infección por Chlamydia trachomatis en varones y su asociación con las alteraciones ginecológicas de su compañera sexual / Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men and its association to gynecologic alterations of his sexual mate

Objective.To determinate the frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in male partners of infertile couples who attend to the infertility clinic at Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, as well as to compare the clinical data and lifestyle between C. trachomatis-inifected and uninfected men to establish a possible association with gynecological damage in their sexual female partners. Methods. An open prospective study was performed in infertile couples, whose follow up was carried out at Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia between June 2000 and April 2001. Urethral and cervical swabs were obtained from each couple and the specimens were subjected to a C. trachomatis-specific liquid-phase hibridization test (PACE-2) and routine microbiological analysis. Semen analysis were also included. A relative risk (RR) test was done to analyze variables and square chi test was used to analize clinical and gynecological data from female partners and data from semen examination. Statistical differences were considered as significant when the p value was below 0.05. Results. C. trachomatis active infection was found in 14 out of 384 urethral swabs (3.6%). No significant alterations were observed in semen samples of C. trachomatis-infected men, as compared to non-infected individuals. Microbiological analyses of semen showed a significant isolation o/Mycoplasma sp (RR = 5.87, IC95% 1.4-24.7). Eight out of fourteen female partners of C. trachomatis-infected men were also infected with C. trachomatis (RR= 10.57, IC95% 5.67-19.7), Candida albicans was other pathogen isolated from 8/14 of those women (RR = 1.89, IC95% 1.17-3.05). Gynecological and obstetrical associations found among female partners of C. trachomatis-infected men were as follows: tubal adhesions in 10/14 (RR = 1.54, IC95% 1.08-2.18), salpingitis in 2/14 (RR = 2.2), history of ectopic pregnancies in 11/14 (RR =2.94, IC95% 1.01-8.53) and abnormal pregnancy loss in 9/14 (RR = 1.5). Conclusion. A low prevalence of C. trachomatis infection was observed among male partners of infertile couples as compared with other reports, but this discrepancy could be attributable to the specimen collection and diagnostic assay used. Otherwise, this data suggests that a chronic pathogen's antigenic stimulation may result in an increased formation of tubal adhesions and/or in ectopic pregnancies among female partners of C. trachomatis-infected individuals. Thus, preventive and control measures must be introduced into men's healthcare services, through laboratory and clinical examination, since these subjects are the main reservoirs of C trachomatis.

Objetivo. Determinar la frecuencia de infección por Chlamydia trachomatis y comparar la información clínica y el estilo de vida de varones con y sin infección por este patógeno, así como su asociación con las alteraciones ginecológicas que presenta su compañera sexual en un grupo de parejas que asisten a la Clínica de Infertilidad del Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia de la Ciudad de México. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio abierto, longitudinal y prospectivo en un grupo de parejas con diagnóstico de infertilidad, que fueron tratadas en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia durante el periodo de junio del 2000 a abril del 2001. Se recolectaron muestras uretrales y cervicales de cada pareja para el diagnóstico de C. trachomatis mediante la prueba de hibridación en fase líquida (PACE-2). También se recolectaron muestras de semen para el análisis de espermatobioscopia y se hicieron cultivos microbiológicos de rutina a las muestras cervicales y de semen. Los datos microbiológicos, clínicos y ginecológicos de los participantes fueron comparados por %z, el análisis de tendencia para proporciones fue usado para establecer el nivel de riesgo en las variables (RR). Las diferencias fueron consideradas estadísticamente significativas si p < 0.05. Resultados. Se analizaron un total de 384 muestras uretrales de varones, 14 presentaron infección activa por C. trachomatis (3.6%), Los datos de espermatobioscopia de los individuos positivos a C. trachomatis no mostraron alteraciones significativas con respecto al de varones no infectados con esta bacteria. El análisis microbiológico del semen mostró un número de aislamientos significativos de infección por Mycoplasma sp. (RR = 5.87, IC95% 1.40-24.70). En cuanto a las muestras cervicovaginales de mujeres con compañero sexual infectado por C. trachomatis, los patógenos aislados con mayor frecuencia fueron: Candida albicans en ocho de 14 (RR = 1.89, IC95% 1.17-3.05) y C. trachomatis en ocho de 14 (RR = 10.57, IC95% 5.67-19.7). Las asociaciones ginecológicas y obstétricas de la compañera sexual de varones positivos a C. trachomatis fueron adherencias tubáricas en 10 de 14 (RR = 1.54, IC95% 1.08-2.18), salpingitis en dos de 14 (RR = 2.2), antecedentes de embarazos ectópicos en 11 de 14 casos (RR = 2.94, IC95% 1.01-8.53) y abortos previos en nueve de 14 (RR = 1.5). Conclusión. Se observó una baja prevalencia de infección por C. trachomatis en los varones de mujeres infértiles en comparación con lo reportado por otros autores, esta diferencia puede estar dada por el método de diagnóstico y la toma del producto. Estos resultados sugieren que el estímulo constante del patógeno produce un aumento de adherencias tubáricas y embarazos ectópicos en las compañeras sexuales de los varones infectados con C. trachomatis. Por lo que una evaluación diagnóstica y de laboratorio deberá ser llevada a cabo en el varón como una medida de prevención y control para la infección por este patógeno, ya que estos individuos actúan como reservónos importantes de infección.

Infección cervical por chlamydia trachomatis en mujeres embarazadas HEODRA, León noviembre- diciembre 2002 / Cervical infection for chlamydia trachomatis in women pregnant HEODRA- Leon, november- december 2002

El documento presenta un estudio de corte transversal, del total de pacientes embarazadas atendidas en el servicio de emergencia de gineco- obstetricia del Hospital Escuela Oscar Danilo Rosales , en el período comprendido de noviembre y diciembre del 2002. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por 100 pacientes que fueron escogidas por cumplir con los critrios de inclusión como fue: no sangrado transvaginal activo. no uso de antibióticos en los últimos 7 días, no uso de duchas vaginales en los últimos 7 días, membranas integras, sin examen ginecológico en las últimas 24 horas. Al realizar la prueba de inmunocromatografía utilizando anticuerpos monoclonales, se encontró una frecuencia de 25 porciento (0.25) de infección cervical por Chlamydia Trachomatis. En la prueba de hipótesis, a un valor de referencia promedio del 12 porciento

Factors predicting the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection for infertility.

BACKGROUND: Male factor abnormality is the cause of infertility in about 20%-40% of infertile couples. Assisted reproduction with intracytoplasmic sperm injection is the only treatment option for severe forms of andrological infertility. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed patients who had had intracytoplasmic sperm injection for male factor infertility. The clinical and laboratory factors that influenced the pregnancy rate were also analysed. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-five cycles in 164 couples were analysed. The fertilization, cleavage and pregnancy rates were similar in the groups that had had intracytoplasmic sperm injection with epididymal, testicular or ejaculate sperm. Univariate analysis of the clinical variables showed progressive reduction in pregnancy rate with increase in the woman partner's age and body mass index, and presence of pelvic disease, but these were not statistically significant. The age of the woman was the most significant factor affecting the pregnancy rate after adjusting for body mass index and pelvic disease in the multivariate analysis (OR 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08-0.84, p=0.03). The oocyte number, embryo transfer number and transfer day had no significant influence on the outcome. CONCLUSION: The woman partner's age influences the success of assisted reproduction with intracytoplasmic sperm injection in male factor infertility. Thus, the chances of success are better if the couple seeks treatment at an early age.

Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women in Cuba

To determine the prevalence rates and serovar distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis cervical infections in Cuban women, two different groups were selected. Group I consisted of 60 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) seropositive women from different regions of Cuba and group II of 60 randomly selected women HIV seronegative and apparently healthy. C. trachomatis was detected in cervical scrapes by mean of nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific for major out membrane protein. The overall prevalence rate of C. trachomatis in cervical scrapes determined by nested PCR was 10 percent in group I and the estimated prevalence was 6.6 percent for group II; 83.3 percent of HIV seropositive women with C. trachomatis infection reported history of pelvic inflammatory disease followed by cervicitis (50 percent). The control group C. trachomatis-infected women referred a history of cervicitis in 75 percent of cases. Other reports in the latter group included infertility and pelvic inflamatory disease in 50 percent. The present study is the first report of C. trachomatis prevalence in Cuba. It showed that there was not significantly difference in the prevalence rate of C. trachomatis between both groups

Colecciones abscedadas pelvianas en el Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau: estudio de 5 años / Pelvic abscess colections at Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau: 5 years study

La enfermedad inflamatoria pelviana (EIP) constituye un importante problema de Salud Pública. Una de sus complicaciones más serias es el absceso tubo ovárico. El absceso pelviano es capaz de generar importante morbi-mortalidad. Presentamos experiencia de 5 años (1 de noviembre de 1991 al 31 de octubre de 1996), en el manejo médico-quirúrgico de 98 pacientes con colecciones abscedadas pelvianas, y comparamos nuestros resultados con estudios publicados. Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo de las pacientes que egresaron con diagnóstico de algún tipo de colección abscedada pelviana. Comparamos el grupo de pacientes con tratamiento médico conservador (TMC), con otro que requirió además tratamiento quirúrgico (TQ). Se estudiaron 98 casos de absceso pélvico. Observamos una tendencia a la resolución quirúrgica de ellos entre los años 1996, lo que es estadísticamente significativo. Sólo el 21 por ciento respondió a TMC, casi el 80 por ciento requirió TQ. La causa principal de la cirugía fue la falta de respuesta al TMC. El tipo principal de intervención realizada fue la anexectomía (44 por ciento). El 51 por ciento de los TQ se complicó, casi todos por infección de herida operatoria. La falta de sospecha de EIP, en las pacientes operadas fue de 9 por ciento. Las usuarias de DIU, no presentaron mayor riesgo estadístico de TQ. La fiebre al ingreso resultó un factor protector frente a la TQ. La proteína C, reactiva (PCR) fue el único examen de laboratorio que resultó ser un factor de riesgo de TQ. La extracción de DIU después del ingreso es factor protector frente a la TQ. El riesgo de rehospitalización es menor en las pacientes sometidas a TQ. Conclusión. Un enfoque o manejo agresivo diferido ( a la semana) sería lo más adecuado para estas pacientes, ya que esto, nos ha permitido realizar operaciones menos radicales con conservación de anexo, morbilidad menos grave que la observada en el pasada, y sin mortalidad. El esquema antibiótico triasociado de penicilina, cloramfenicol, gentamicina, clásicamente empleado en nuestros servicios públicos tendría pobre efecto sobre la evolución del absceso pelviano establecido

Chlamydia trachomatis e Mycoplasma hominis: qual sua importancia atual na doenca inflamatoria pelvica? / Chalamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma hominis: wich is your importance in the pelvic inflammatory diseases

Recentemente, a Chlamydia trachomatis e o Mycoplasma hominis tem aumentado sua participacao na genese da doenca inflamatoria pelvica. Os autores revisaram os principais aspectos epidemiologicos, diagnosticos e terapeuticos relacionados a esses agentes

Estudo retrospectivo de 200 casos de doença inflamatória pélvica / A retrospective study of 200 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease

Foram revistos 200 prontuários médicos de pacientes internadas no Hospital Escola da Faculdade de Medicina do Triângulo Mineiro, durante janeiro de 1982 a dezembro de 1986, com diagnóstico de doença inflamatória pélvica aguda (DIP). O objetivo foi avaliar aspectos clínicos como a idade, cor, estado civil, anticoncepçäo, fase do ciclo menstrual, sinais, sintomas, hemograma, urina I, antibioticoterapia, cirurgia e complicaçöes observadas até junho de 1995, com seguimentos das pacientes após tratamento por no mínimo 10 anos. Os resultados demonstraram que 31 por cento das mulheres tinham menos de 20 anos, 55,55 por cento eram de cor brnaca, 61 por cento eram solteiras, 63,4 por cento tinham de um a três filhos, 31 por cento näo faziam anticoncepçäo, 51 por cento estavam na primeira fase do ciclo menstrual na ocasiäo do diagnóstico, a febre >38,5ºC estava presente em 53,5 por cento dos casos. Em 49,5 por cento das mulheres havia leucocitose e em 32 por cento leucocitúria. A penicilina foi utilizada em 89 por cento dos casos com boa resposta clínica. Sete e meio por cento das mulheres submeteram-se a laparotomia. A complicaçäo tardia mais frequente foi a dor pélvica crônica com 8,5 por cento dos casos. Os autores concluíram que a DIP antingiu principalmente mulheres jovens e na primeira fase do ciclo, o quadro clínico predominante foi dor no hipogastro, antibioticoterapia à base de peniciliana foi eficaz no tratamento, o número de pacientes que necessitam de cirurgia foi baixo e a complicaçäo tardia mais frequente foi a dor pélvica crônica.